Rosacea Medical Treatments: Creams, Topical & Oral Medications, and Procedures

A Dermatologist's Approach to Rosacea Treatment

Many rosacea patients visit a dermatologist seeking relief from persistent redness, pimples, and visible, ‘broken’ facial capillaries. After over 35 years of successfully treating rosacea in my dermatology practice—and managing my own rosacea—I'm here to share my holistic approach to effectively bring rosacea under control. I’ll cover how I use prescription creams, topical and oral medications, cosmetic procedures, why prescription treatments often fail without proper skincare, and even how lifestyle changes can help you achieve clearer, calmer skin.

Your skin care routine will make or break getting control of your rosacea. - Dr. Bailey

This guide is part of my rosacea series that teaches you about the types, symptoms and signs of rosacea, how I control rosacea with a simple skin care routine, anti-aging aging skincare, and my holistic approach that includes the best diet and lifestyle choices for reducing physiologic inflammation that can lead to skin inflammation, including rosacea.

It’s important to note that this information is for educational purposes only and represents my opinions. If you think that something you read here may be helpful for you, you need to discuss it with your treating dermatologist.

Should You Use Antibiotics to Treat Your Stubborn Rosacea?

Because it is crucial, I want to immediately address the use of antibiotics to treat rosacea. In my opinion only use them if you are already doing the 4 primary, proven steps to control rosacea:

4 Steps to Control Rosacea Without Antibiotics:

1. a good rosacea fighting skin care routine (see how to combine medications into the routine below)
2. avoid skin care products that trigger rosacea
3. control lifestyle triggers
4. effective topical prescription care to control rosacea (more below)

Oral antibiotics are invaluable as a last resort when all else fails and rosacea is out of control.

Why Skincare is Part of Your Medical Treatment Success

Pro-tip: Never depend on a prescription alone to control this stubborn, chronic, and at times unrelenting skin problem. Add a rosacea-healing skin care routine to prescriptions and gain sustainable control of your rosacea. - Dermatologist Dr. Bailey

The Missing Link - Enhance Treatment Efficacy

Many people feel frustrated because their doctors prescribe treatments but don't explain how to care for sensitive, rosacea-prone skin. I frequently see patients using products that irritate their skin, effectively canceling out the benefits of their medication. That's why I emphasize integrating the best medical treatments with a supportive skincare routine, a crucial step often missed. My approach ensures you learn to care for your sensitive complexion, so your treatments truly have a chance to work.

4-Step Complete Skincare Routine to Fight Rosacea

I always build a rosacea-healing skincare routine for my patients, considering it both preventative and therapeutic. The goal is to control rosacea and keep it in remission. I developed this routine, which I call Complete Skin Care Routine, based on my decades of experience and it perfectly integrates prescription topical medicines:

It's designed to give your skin everything it needs in 4 essential steps, forming the foundation of my Rosacea Therapy Skincare Kit, which includes all the compatible products you’ll need:

1. Cleanse: Cleanse skin without over drying the fragile skin barrier while also discouraging the Pityrosporum yeast that flourishes on rosacea-prone skin. My recommendation:
• Alternate my pH-balanced Extremely Gentle Foaming Facial Cleanser during the day with a Calming Zinc Bar Soap at night, to help manage skin microbes.
• Alternate it with sodium sulfacetamide and sulfur prescription cleanser once a day.
2. Correct: Calm rosacea inflammation and reload the skin's antioxidant reserve:
• Apply Green Tea Antioxidant Skin Therapy twice daily after cleansing.
• This is a base layer you need to apply before any prescriptions.
3. Hydrate: Protect skin barrier with a rich, yet gentle supporting moisturizer such as my Daily Hydrating Moisturizing Face Cream.
4. Protect: Prevent UV-triggered rosacea flare-ups using a mineral-based, broad-spectrum sunscreen like Sheer Strength Pure Physical Matte Tinted Facial Sunscreen, SPF 50.

Antibiotics, when needed to gain control of a rosacea flare up, are used temporarily and then tapered off.

This is especially important for rosacea, a condition easily triggered by harsh cleansers, inadequate moisturizer use, and even the slightest amount of UV exposure.

I'll explain how I add prescription products to a routine such as this.

For a complete, in-depth breakdown of each skincare step, including detailed product selection, ingredients to avoid, skin types, and anti-aging considerations please read my step by step guide for treating Rosacea.

I also teach my rosacea patients to identify and avoid their rosacea triggers. This is really important for controlling rosacea. I like to say that an occasional trigger may be OK but don't do them all at once, such as go on a sunny beach vacation, play extreme beach volleyball, while drinking a pitcher of margaritas, and eating spicy fish tacos. Your rosacea will flare!

One Kit - All the Products to Treat Your Rosacea

My Rosacea Therapy Skin Care Kit takes the guesswork out of creating a rosacea-friendly skin care routine. It has all the products you’ll need for your rosacea skincare routine:

[product handle="rosacea-therapy-kit,extremely-gentle-foaming-facial-cleanser,calming-zinc-bar-soap,green-tea-skin-therapy-cream,daily-moisturizing-face-cream,sheer-strength-pure-physical-sunscreen"]

Topical Prescription Medications for Rosacea

What are the best topical medicated prescription products that I find work for my dermatology patients? I'm going to start with medicated cleansers and then list the leave-on medicated prescription creams to treat rosacea.

Medicated Facial Cleansers

Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur Antibiotic Cleanser

Usage

There is pretty much just one prescription facial cleanser that I've found useful for rosacea and it's sodium sulfacetamide and sulfur [17].

• I have patients use it once or twice a day.
• If used once daily, I have them alternate it with a pH balanced cleanser such as my Extremely Gentle Foaming Facial Cleanser that comes alone or in the Rosacea Therapy Kit.

Take a “Drug Holiday”

Because sodium sulfacetamide is an antibiotic, I like to use it when needed then take a 'drug holiday' to prevent antibiotic resistance. I do this by switching my patient's complexion over to Calming Zinc Soap, fortified with 2% pyrithione zinc, which is not an antibiotic, and works to discourage skin microbes by a broad mechanism of action that does not create resistant microbes.

How it Works

Sodium sulfacetamide is a sulfa antibiotic. It works against a broad range of skin bacteria. When sulfur is added, it works even better and has efficacy against bacteria, fungi/yeast and some parasites (think possibly Demodex mites in the case of rosacea). We don't know the cause of rosacea, nor why antibiotics like sodium sulfacetamide work to treat rosacea, but they are a mainstay of rosacea therapy, both for topical and oral treatment.

Considerations

This antibiotic can't be used by people who are allergic to sulfa drugs. The sulfur also smells and can be drying but I generally find this cleanser is well tolerated.

Topical Leave-On Prescription and Medicated Creams

Topical Antibiotic Foams and Cream Prescriptions

I consider the collection of topical antibiotics variations on a theme. I try to match the product to the patient's preferences for how it feels on their skin, what their insurance covers, and how well it works for their unique case of rosacea. Once the skin is clear, I like to get them off antibiotics for a 'drug holiday' so that we don't unbalance their skin microbiome or create resistant bacteria.

Metronidazole Topical Cream and Gel Prescription Antibiotic

• prescription antibiotic that has been used topically to treat rosacea for decades
• well tolerated
• depending on the strength and the specific product it is applied once or twice a day

Other Topical Antibiotics

There are other antibiotics used topically to treat rosacea including clindamycin, erythromycin and minocycline. Clindamycin has also been combined with benzoyl peroxide and used for rosacea. These products come in creams, lotions, gels and solutions. They are products used to treat other conditions like acne and so they get tried on rosacea when doctors and patients are frustrated.

We don't fully understand why antimicrobial treatment works for rosacea. Philosophically and scientifically, I prefer to do the antimicrobial population reduction with non-antibiotic ingredients such as pyrithione zinc and benzoyl peroxide to avoid creating antibiotic resistant microbes - Dr. Bailey

Other Medicated Prescription Face Creams for Rosacea

Ivermectin Cream - Soolantra

Ivermectin cream [8] is a game changer in rosacea treatment, however the treatment is ongoing and expensive, and I’ve used the off-label permethrin cream successfully as an alternative - see more on this below.

Ivermectin is the first really good prescription medicine that's come along for this frustrating skin problem during the course of my 40+ years in medicine. Currently, the only brand of ivermectin cream is Soolantra, and it's expensive.

Why Does Ivermectin Help Rosacea

Ivermectin is a common and anti-parasitic medicine [16] created in the 1970s. It has been used in humans and animals to kill parasites such as worms. There is nothing new or sexy about ivermectin but the idea of applying it to the face to kill Demodex mites is brilliant - and profitable for the pharmaceutical company that makes it.

Demodex mites are known to overpopulate the skin of rosacea patients. Reducing their numbers often improves rosacea. - Dr. Bailey

Ongoing and Expensive Treatment

Demodex mites play an as yet to be fully elucidated role in the flushing, redness, and pimple misadventures of rosacea. Discouraging mite abundance helps rosacea. But the mites come back. Yep, they are back within a month meaning mite population control treatment is ongoing - and expensive.

Permethrin Cream, the Off-Label Alternative

I've used permethrin cream (a scabies treatment cream) to control facial Demodex mites in my practice for decades. This cream is economical and I find that it works well. My little trick is 'off label' meaning that it is not FDA approved and I share it solely for educational purposes as a topic of discussion between you and your doctor.

Brimonidine Gel for Rosacea

• quick but temporary results
• causes capillaries to constrict to reduce facial flushing
• relieves redness [10] in as little as 30 minutes
• the results can last up to 6 hours

It only works when used and does not improve rosacea over the long run. I consider it useful when the flushing needs to be controlled for an event.

Typically, studies beyond 1 year of use are not published. However, one case report of a person who used it for 2 years was published and refractory facial redness [11] was an unfortunate side effect. It makes sense to me because this class of medicines, called alpha blockers, is known to do that.

Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride: This related medicine works the same way. You know it as Afrin nasal decongestant spray. Basically, it's a variation on brimonidine and I expect the same issues of refractory vascular congestion and redness. In my opinion, I only use alpha blockers for the really important days where facial flushing must be controlled.

Benzoyl Peroxide Cream

Benzoyl peroxide cream can be beneficial for papulopustular rosacea [9] on complexions that are not sensitive. Most people’s skin with rosacea is far too sensitive to tolerate benzoyl peroxide. That said, I've had patients use it who I never thought would tolerate it and yet had excellent responses. Why it works in rosacea is a mystery. Benzoyl peroxide has a broad mechanism of action against microbes. I also think it may have some efficacy against Demodex mites, but that has yet to be studied.

Clotrimazole and Ketoconazole Cream

I often use clotrimazole cream or ketoconazole cream for my rosacea patients that have both rosacea and facial dandruff. This is a common skin problem combination; facial redness, flaking, sensitivity and pimples that are difficult to treat.

Clotrimazole is an antifungal and anti-yeast medication. The idea is that the Pityrosporum yeast (aka Malassezia) overgrows its normal level on the skin and plays a role in causing facial seborrheic dermatitis, which in turn increases facial redness and sensitivity. Clotrimazole helps to treat the yeast.

• I have my patients apply clotrimazole cream after the Green Tea Antioxidant Skin Therapy, included in my Rosacea Therapy Kit.
• I use it twice a day for a month then as needed to control flaking and sensitivity.
• The clotrimazole cream comes in a moisturizing base that may make the need for additional moisturizer unnecessary.
• Long-term management: Calming Zinc soap, part of my Rosacea Therapy Kit, is my go-to for addressing Pityrosporum yeast on a long-term basis, because yeast and fungi can develop resistance to clotrimazole much the way bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.

Azelaic Acid

Azelaic acid creams, foams, and gels [5] (typically in the 15 to 20% range) are used to treat rosacea, especially pustular rosacea.

Over the years, I've not been hugely impressed by azelaic acid and most of my rosacea patients find it causes their skin to sting or itch [7] while doing little to improve their rosacea. That said, everyone's skin is different and you will find people who find it helpful for their rosacea.

Interestingly, azelaic acid is a molecule made by the common skin germ Malassezia furfur [6] that can

• cause 'fungal' acne (a misnomer because Malassezia is a yeast)
• modify pigment production and azelaic acid can be useful for pigment skin problems such as melasma. You will see it in skin brightening products.

Cortisone Cream

Can You Use Prescription Cortisone Cream on Rosacea?

Only under your doctor's strict supervision may this be appropriate! And, it's critical to use only non-halogenated topical cortisone steroid creams (such as over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream) on the face. I use them as a last resort for short term control of facial inflammation. In my opinion, any doctor prescribing cortisone cream for someone's face needs to know what 'non-halogenated cortisone' means and why it's important on the face!

Caution: Cortisone cream, especially halogenated corticosteroids, will:

• aggravate rosacea
• lead to perioral dermatitis, a condition that is no fun
• steroid creams can thin your skin
• and damage your eyes

Your dermatologist will know what this means and should be the one to prescribe and supervise any cortisone use on your face.

Expected Results

How Long Does it Take Medicated Prescription Creams to Work for Rosacea?

It varies. You may begin seeing improvement in your rosacea in as little as 1 week. That said, I give any treatment strategy 2 months to really declare itself effective or ineffective. I like to see a medicated cream improve skin and help maintain improvement over all the ups and downs that rosacea flare ups can create.

Oral Antibiotics Treatment for Rosacea

When facing a rosacea flare-up with its embarrassing facial rash that can be hard to control, you might wonder: What oral prescription medicines do dermatologists use? Given that rosacea is a poorly understood, frustrating skin condition [21], where exactly do antibiotics fit into its treatment? Dermatologists write more antibiotic prescriptions [18] than any other specialty, sometimes for conditions not proven to be bacterial. This section will help you understand how you and your dermatologist can balance all these considerations when your rosacea flares up.

Preferred Oral Antibiotics for Rosacea

Tetracycline and Doxycycline

Over my career, my favorite oral antibiotics to treat rosacea have been tetracycline and doxycycline.

Low-Dose Doxycycline (Sub-Antimicrobial)

Oral antibiotics can be prescribed at low, non-antibacterial doses and still work. Low dose doxycycline is the best alternative in my opinion for longer term use. Here’s why:

• considered 'sub antimicrobial' [13]
• anti-inflammatory via doxycycline's mechanisms
• thus, it's an antibiotic that's not working as an antibiotic
• reduced risk of antibiotic resistance ("superbugs")
• lower impact on microbiome
• fewer side effects compared to full-dose antibiotics

How Low-Dose Works for Rosacea

We dermatologists have used antibiotics for their anti-inflammatory efficacy [21] for years to treat a number of skin problems that are not known to be related to germs such as bullous pemphigoid, pityriasis rosacea, Sweet’s syndrome, and a bunch of other conditions you’ve never heard of. It's always been hard to explain to patients why an antibiotic works for these conditions, because we don’t know. We think it is the anti-inflammatory action of the antibiotics that work. What all these conditions have in common is that we don’t know what causes them.

Subantimicrobial doses of doxycycline help:

• clear and control rosacea and reduce the development of superbugs
• lower risk of altering the beneficial bacteria microbiome community that lives on you
• reduce the environmental load of antibiotics
• fewer drug related side effects such as stomach ache

Antibiotics to Avoid

There are other antibiotics that you will see promoted for rosacea.

Minocycline & Erythromycin: I don’t use minocycline because of its unique and serious side effects like liver inflammation, autoimmune syndrome/arthritis, and gray skin discoloration. I also rarely use erythromycin due to its drug interactions.

In patients with very severe rosacea, I’ll consider a temporary course of Accutane as a last resort if we've tried everything and their rosacea is extreme and still making them miserable.

The Pros and Cons of Taking Antibiotics to Treat Rosacea

Rosacea is an inflammatory skin condition [20]. It is not a skin infection and the exact role bacteria play in causing rosacea is uncertain. We don't really know why but antibiotics help control rosacea and so we use them. That decision is getting a new level of scrutiny.

Over the course of my 35-year career in medicine and dermatology, I’ve witnessed a complete reversal of how doctors and patients view antibiotics. In the early 80s, physicians and patients were enamored with them and patients felt comforted by getting a prescription for these trusted drugs. That’s changed thanks to superbugs and the human microbiome.

Do Antibiotics Create Superbugs & MRSA?

Taking antibiotics can lead to the development of ‘superbugs’ which are antibiotic resistant bacteria that cause serious life-threatening infections like MRSA.

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus)

MRSA, the most notorious "superbug," emerged in 1959, with antibiotic-resistant infections skyrocketing in the 1990s and early 2000s. Today, the term "MRSA" is widely understood and I haven’t needed to explain it to patients for a number of years. As a dermatologist, I recognize that antibiotic prescriptions for conditions like rosacea and acne, issued by myself and colleagues, have unfortunately contributed to this increase.

Does Taking Antibiotics for Rosacea Damage Your Microbiome?

Yes, antibiotics are a concern for the health of your microbiome. Doctors are increasingly focused on microbiome stewardship, recognizing that the friendly bacteria living on and in your body play a crucial role in overall health, impacting everything from metabolism to mood, including helping you fight obesity, diabetes, asthma, and depression. Antibiotics can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to subtle yet potentially far-reaching consequences we're still working to understand. This is why common prescriptions like tetracycline for rosacea are now undergoing closer scrutiny.

Environmental Accumulation of Antibiotics

Beyond individual health, the widespread use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture is leading to their accumulation in the environment [22] and aquatic ecosystems. This growing concern is another crucial factor when considering antibiotic use for inflammatory skin conditions like rosacea, which may not even be caused by bacteria. Society's relationship with antibiotics is clearly evolving.

In my opinion, antibiotics still have a role in rosacea management as a last resort; when the complexion is so inflamed and out of control, antibiotics can reign in the inflammation. - Dermatologist Dr. Cynthia Bailey

Explore Further:

• How to Get Rid of Redness on the Face - Dermatologist Explains

Cosmetic Procedures for Rosacea

These are the best cosmetic procedures I found while treating rosacea in my practice.

Intense Pulsed Light (IPL)

Intense pulsed light treatments are the biggest advance we’ve had for rosacea treatment over the entire course of my medical career. In my experience it both improves the cosmetic appearance of the skin’s ‘broken’ capillaries and quiets down a person’s propensity for flare ups of their rosacea.

How IPL Works for Rosacea

Strong light of many wavelengths in the visible spectrum are flashed into the skin and target hemoglobin in the capillaries and melanin in the skin and create heat. We can tune the laser to focus more specifically on the hemoglobin to somewhat selectively target the capillaries. When heated, the capillaries typically collapse and go away.

Limitations: But melanin is still always heated and so people with darker skin tones or tans are not good candidates for IPL.

Treatment Course: In my office the treatments are done as an initial series of 5 and then maintenance treatments are necessary every year. IPL treatments have made a big improvement in my own rosacea and I’m a big fan.

Electrocautery for Telangiectasias of Rosacea

Selective ‘broken’ capillaries can be cauterized with electrocautery to improve the cosmetic appearance of the skin.

Procedure: Low voltage electricity is applied to the skin directly over visible capillaries with a needle-small probe that thermally damages the vessel. The capillary needs to be traced at about 2mm increments until enough of it has been heated such that it disappears. It's a simple, but uncomfortable procedure that's economical and works immediately.

Laser Treatment of Rosacea

A number of lasers have been used to treat the large, abundant, and flush-prone facial capillaries of rosacea. We dermatologists have our favorites. Lasers [14] such as Neodymium-doped, yttrium–aluminium–garnet (Nd-YAG) laser, 532 nm Potassium-Titanil-Phosphate (KTP), 595 nm PDL, IPL and dual wavelength long-pulsed 775 nm alexandrite/1,064 nm neodymium:yttrium-aluminum (LPAN) target hemoglobin to remove capillaries. What's most important is that your dermatologist gets good results with the laser they have.

Final Considerations: A Holistic Approach to Medical Treatment for Rosacea Control

Relying solely on prescriptions often leads to frustration. You have a lot of options for this chronic and frustrating skin problem. Every prescription and procedure has pros and cons that need to be weighed thoughtfully because of side effects. Using low dose sub antimicrobial doses is the best choice for intermittent antibiotic use to treat rosacea.

The Most Effective Approach to Treating Rosacea

I only add topical or oral medial treatments for rosacea when we really need them. I like to use a holistic approach to control rosacea:

• good skin care with my 4-step routine for rosacea
• avoidance of rosacea triggers - as best you can
• diet and lifestyle adjustments
• right prescription topical or oral medicines for your unique rosacea (see above)

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is best treated from as many angles as possible to help control this frustrating and embarrassing rash.

Take control of your rosacea - read these guides:

• Rosacea Treatments & Skincare
• Acne Rosacea Types, Symptoms, Triggers
• Retinol, Retin A & Tretinoin: Anti-Aging Rosacea Treatment
• Demodex Mites and Rosacea Treatment
• Seborrheic Dermatitis (Facial Dandruff) Causes and Treatments
• Rosacea, Seborrhea and Clogged Pores
• Flaky Facial Skin from Dandruff and Rosacea
• Natural Treatment of Acne Rosacea
• Alcohol, Wine, and Rosacea
• Reduce facial redness with effective treatments, skincare, and the products

About the Author

Dr. Cynthia Bailey is a Board Certified Dermatologist practicing general, surgical and cosmetic dermatology in California since 1987. She has done well over 200,000 skin exams during her career. Dr. Bailey is the Founder of DrBaileySkinCare.com, the longest running dermatologist written skin health resource in the world. Dr Bailey is first and foremost a clinician with a pragmatic holistic approach to medical care and a heavy emphasis on skin health education. Her practical skin care information and advice can be found at DrBaileySkinCare.com, across the web and in numerous international publications.

Cited Scholarly Articles

1. Sarac G. A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of topical agents used in facial Demodex treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019 Dec;18(6):1784-1787. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12986. Epub 2019 May 8. PMID: 31066486.
2. Sulphur for rosacea: Are we reinventing the wheel? JAAD, 66 (4),Supplement 1, AB33, April 2012<
3. Del Rosso JQ, Baum EW. Comprehensive medical management of rosacea: an interim study report and literature review. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2008;1(1):20-25.
4. Zhang H, Tang K, Wang Y, Fang R, Sun Q. Rosacea Treatment: Review and Update. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2021;11(1):13-24. doi:10.1007/s13555-020-00461-0
5. Liu RH, Smith MK, Basta SA, Farmer ER. Azelaic Acid in the Treatment of Papulopustular Rosacea: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(8):1047–1052. doi:10.1001/archderm.142.8.1047
6. Rubenstein RM, Malerich SA. Malassezia (pityrosporum) folliculitis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7(3):37-41.
7. Del Rosso JQ. Azelaic Acid Topical Formulations: Differentiation of 15% Gel and 15% Foam. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(3):37-40.
8. Del Rosso JQ. Topical Ivermectin: Data Supporting Dual Modes of Action in Rosacea. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(9):39-42.
9. van Zuuren, E.J., Arents, B.W.M., van der Linden, M.M.D. et al. Rosacea: New Concepts in Classification and Treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 22, 457–465 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-021-00595-7
10. Anderson MS, Nadkarni A, Cardwell LA, Alinia H, Feldman SR. Spotlight on brimonidine topical gel 0.33% for facial erythema of rosacea: safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2017 Jul 6;11:1143-1150. doi:10.2147/PPA.S115708
11. Lowe Erin MSIV, Lim Scott DO, Paradoxical Erythema Reaction of Long-term Topical Brimonidine, JDD 15(6):763-765 (2016)
12. Jackson JM, Knuckles M, Minni JP, Johnson SM, Belasco KT. The role of brimonidine tartrate gel in the treatment of rosacea. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:529-538. Published 2015 Oct 23. doi:10.2147/CCID.S58920
13. ElAhmed Husein Huesein, Steinhoff Martin, Evaluation of the efficacy of subantimicrobial dose doxycycline in rosacea: a systematic review of clinical trials and meta-analysis, JDDG, 19(1): 7-17 Jan 21
14. Engin B, Özkoca D, Kutlubay Z, Serdaroğlu S. Conventional and Novel Treatment Modalities in Rosacea. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020;13:179-186. Published 2020 Feb 20. doi:10.2147/CCID.S194074
15. Rivero AL, Whitfeld M. An update on the treatment of rosacea. Aust Prescr. 2018;41(1):20-24. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2018.004
16. Crump A, Ōmura S. Ivermectin, 'wonder drug' from Japan: the human use perspective. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2011;87(2):13-28. doi:10.2183/pjab.87.13
17. The combination of metronidazole gel and sodium sulfacetamide cleanser is efficacious and well-tolerated by rosacea patients, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume 58, Issue 2, AB14
18. Barbieri JS, Bhate K, Hartnett KP, Fleming-Dutra KE, Margolis DJ. Trends in Oral Antibiotic Prescription in Dermatology, 2008 to 2016. JAMA Dermatol. 2019 Mar 1;155(3):290-297. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4944. PMID: 30649187; PMCID: PMC6439939.
19. Capurro, G. (2020). “Superbugs” in the Risk Society: Assessing the Reflexive Function of North American Newspaper Coverage of Antimicrobial Resistance. SAGE Open, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020901800 (Original work published 2020)
20. Buddenkotte J, Steinhoff M. Recent advances in understanding and managing rosacea. F1000Res. 2018 Dec 3;7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1885. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.16537.1. PMID: 30631431; PMCID: PMC6281021.
21. Alzolibani AA, Zedan K. Macrolides in chronic inflammatory skin disorders. Mediators Inflamm. 2012;2012:159354. doi: 10.1155/2012/159354. Epub 2012 May 17. PMID: 22685371; PMCID: PMC3362991.
22. Translating antibiotic prescribing into antibiotic resistance in the environment: A hazard characterisation case study, Singer AC, Xu Q, Keller VDJ (2019) Translating antibiotic prescribing into antibiotic resistance in the environment: A hazard characterisation case study. PLOS ONE 14(9): e0221568. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221568